Fig. 2

Organoids cultured at the air-liquid interface condition (a–e) or submerged (f–j) at 12 days after 3D formation. a and f indicate the schematic of the condition and real macroscopy. b,g, microscopic (phase contrast) images (c,h) at 3 days (15 days after 3D formation) after cultivation. d and i indicate the OTC images and nuclei-stained cryo-sections of these organoids (e, j). k White arrow heads at g)~i) were indicated degradation structure of organoid. The original device fabricated using the 3D printer (k). Schematic explaining the cell culture insert setting (l) and flowing perfusion medium under the organoid on the porous membrane in cell culture inserts (m)