Fig. 6

Images from simultaneous acquisition of voltage and calcium signals. a Voltage activation isochronal map. b Calcium release isochronal map. c Voltage and calcium upstrokes display anatomical differences in excitation-contraction coupling (apex versus base). d Transverse (T) and longitudinal (L) conduction velocity computed from voltage and calcium wavefront propagation. Longitudinal propagation velocity of the calcium wavefront was significantly slower than the voltage conduction velocity (t-test, p < 0.001). Slower calcium conduction velocities coincide with increased lag time between the action potential and calcium transient near the base of the heart. Conduction velocity was calculated from 6 angles for transverse and 2 angles for longitudinal measurements. e Sequential images of impulse propagation show the voltage wavefront originating from the pacing electrode (arrow) and propagating toward the base. Spatial hetereogeneity was observed in the activation and repolarization pattern at t = 40 msec (b) Sequential images of the calcium wavefront follows the voltage wavefront, with an example of folding observed at t = 40 msec. Arrows denote pacing electrode; Vm = transmembrane voltage, Ca = intracellular calcium signal. Scale bar = 1 cm