From: Exploring the role of transtibial prosthetic use in deep tissue injury development: a scoping review
Author and year | Type of study | Methodology | Input data | Assumptions | Outcome measures |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portnoy et al. 2008 [34] | Experimental study (aetiological) | - 3D FEa model - Donning and static load bearing of one TTAb - Analysis of internal loading state | - Interface pressure (pressure sensor) - Tissue morphology and vertical displacement (MRIc) - Shear modulus, friction between skin and socket (literature) | - Muscle: isotropic, homogenous, viscoelastic - Skin: isotropic, homogeneous, hyperelastic - No differentiation btw. Muscle and fat - No friction between soft tissue layers | - SEDd, principal compressive and tensile stress and strain, max. Shear stress and strain, von Mises stress |
Portnoy et al. 2009 [30] | Experimental study (aetiological) | - 3D FE model [34] - Static load bearing of five TTAs - Analysis of internal loading state and interpatient variability - Evaluation of DTI risk | - See Portnoy et al. 2008 | - Soft tissue: isotropic, homogeneous, hyperelastic - Differentiation btw. Muscle and fat - Addition of 2 mm skin layer - No friction between soft tissue layers | - Volume of muscle skin with compressive, tensile, shear strains above threshold value [43] |
Portnoy et al. 2011 [33] | Experimental Study (aetiological) | - 3D FE model [34] - Sitting with 30° and 90° knee flexion in one TTA - Assessment of internal loading state and estimation of damage area over time | - See Portnoy et al. 2008 | - Soft tissue: isotropic, homogeneous, hyperelastic - Differentiation btw. Muscle and fat tissue - Addition of 1 mm skin layer - No friction between soft tissue layers | - Principal tensile and compressive stress, max. Shear stress, von Mises stress - Time-dependent volume of damaged muscle [43] - Rate of damage progression [44] |
Portnoy et al. 2009 [36] | In silico study (risk factors) | - 3D FE model [34] of one TTA - Changes in morphological and mechanical parameters | - See Portnoy et al. 2008 | - See Portnoy et al. 2009 [30] | - SED, principal compressive and tensile stress and strain, max. Shear stress and strain, von Mises stress, - Volumes of areas with concentrated elevated stress |
Lenz 2017 [38] | In silico study (PhD thesis, risk factors) | - Analysis of internal loading state with simplified cuboid FE model - Simulation of different liners and socks - Differentiation between slip and no-slip condition | - Liner displacement and mechanical properties (motion capturing) - Normal and shear interface forces (two-axis load cell) - Shear modulus, friction between skin and liner, soft tissue and liner thickness (literature) | - Muscle: isotropic, homogeneous, hyperelastic - Differentiation btw muscle, skin, gel liner - No friction between soft tissue layers - Friction between skin and gel liner (slip vs. no-slip) | - Principal compressive stress, max. Shear stress, von Mises stress |
Portnoy et al. 2007 [29] | Experimental Study (clinical) | - 2D FE model for real time stress analysis - Application on 5 TTAa s during treadmill walking | - Interface pressure (pressure sensor) - Elastic modulus (Indentation test) - Tissue morphology - (X-Ray) | - Soft tissue: isotropic, homogenous, linear elastic - No differentiation btw. Muscle, fat, and skin | - Principal compressive stress and strain, shear stress, von Mises stress |