Table 2 Cosine similarities (CS) values between EMG activities during the directional exertions (D1 to D8) and plantarflexion (PF) and the synergies reported in the literature during gait for both the healthy and stroke groups. Bold values indicate the highest cosine similarity index for each muscle synergy

Healthy

C1

0.460

0.670

0.895

0.912

0.904

0.851

0.643

0.553

0.581

C2

0.520

0.564

0.440

0.425

0.577

0.634

0.467

0.497

0.935

C3

0.377

0.650

0.757

0.771

0.674

0.435

0.466

0.362

0.382

C4

0.947

0.814

0.264

0.299

0.291

0.414

0.927

0.951

0.392

Stroke

C1

0.568

0.676

0.812

0.875

0.828

0.824

0.678

0.547

0.714

C2

0.646

0.546

0.748

0.653

0.704

0.665

0.632

0.538

0.847

C3

0.563

0.778

0.686

0.723

0.677

0.444

0.505

0.605

0.414

C4

0.835

0.728

0.506

0.516

0.542

0.709

0.851

0.865

0.593