Fig. 4

Perfused medium tracing with Texas Red-labeled dextran in the organoid. a–f sections of 0 μL/min (static condition) (a, d), 2.5 μL/min perfusion (b, e), and 10 μL/min perfusion (c, f) conditions. a–c indicate Texas Red-labeled dextran-positive images and d–f) indicate Texas Red-labeled dextran and nuclear staining merged images. g–i Macroscopic images of individual conditions confirming the maintained air-liquid interface. j Illustration of the medium perfusion tracing experiment, k and l indicate the relative concentration of glucose and lactic acid in the culture medium after 48 h of incubation using sham condition medium as a standard. Sham was incubated in a medium without organoid culture for 48 h