Fig. 8

Illustrates the extracted impedance between various types of cells as a function of frequency. A The first configuration of interdigitated microelectrodes for viable cells with different buffer solutions is shown. B The measured impedance using the first configuration without an insulation layer with non-viable cells immersed in different buffer solutions is presented. C The response of different modified electrodes with different electrode numbers and an insulation layer when the cell is immersed in PBS is depicted. D The response of X1, X2, and X3 as modified electrodes with non-viable cells immersed in PBS solution is presented. E The modified electrode with viable cells immersed in media is shown. F The modified electrodes for non-viable cells immersed in media are illustrated. The insets display a specific selected region of frequency from \({10}^{5}:{10}^{6}\) at each signal